The
valley of the Forum, nestled between the seven hills of Rome, was in ancient
times a marsh. From the end of the seventh century B.C., after the drainage of
the marshes, the Roman Forum (Foro Romano) was constructed and this served as
the centre of public life in Rome for over a millenium. Over the course of the
centuries, the various monuments were constructed: firstly, those structures
which served political,
religious and economic purposes and, later, during the
second century B.C., the civil buildings or 'basilicas', which functioned as
juridical centres. At the end of the Republic era of Ancient Rome, the Forum
Romano was inadequate in its functioning as a civil and administrative centre.
The various Emperors and their dynasties added only monuments of prestige: The
Temple of Vespasian and Titus and that of Antoninus Pio and Faustina dedicated
to the memory of the Divine Emperors, the monumental arch of Settimo Severo,
built on the extreme west of the square in 203 A.D.
to celebrate his military
victories. The last great addition was made in the first years of the fourth
century A.D. under the Emperor Massenzio, a temple dedicated to the memory of
his son Romulus. The imposing Basilica on the Velia was restructured at the end
of the fourth century A.D. and the last monument to be erected in the Forum was
the Column of 608 A.D. in honour of the Byzantine Emperor Phocas.
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